Pay For Research Paper And Get Your Task Done Professionally

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Mandatory Discussion Question - 550 Words

Mandatory Discussion Question (Case Study Sample) Content: Mandatory Discussion QuestionNameCourseInstructorDate Obesity health risks and bariatric surgeryA middle aged 32 years old man suffering from obesity has increased risk of other diseases. Mr. C has been obese since childhood, while also suffering from high blood pressure. Mr. C is at risk of hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular diseases. Bariatric surgery has the potential to improve the patients health condition. Patients need to be well informed, and hence patient education is critical for patients to understand risks and benefits of surgery (Benotti, 2013). When performed within accepted international and national guidelines the surgery is an appropriate intervention. Behavioral adjustments are at times ineffective in reducing surgery highlighting the need for bariatric surgery (Xu, 2012).2. Administration schedule most therapeutic and acceptable to Mr. CMagnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide 3 p.m.,9p.m., and 10 p.m.(Mylanta) 15 mL PO  Ranitidine (Zantac) 300 mg PO Before 10 p.m.Sucralfate / Carafate 1 g or 10ml suspension (500mg / 5mL) 6a.m.,11a.m.., 5p.m., and 10 p.m.Reliving pain, healing and preventing further complications associated are the main goals when treating peptic ulcers. Magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide (Mylanta) 15 mL PO is an antacid that should ideally be taken 30 minutes before Sucralfate. At the same time Ranidine (Zantac), which is one of the H-2 blockers, should also be taken before Sucraflate.3. Functional health patternsFunctional health patterns are relevant to formulating nursing diagnoses, whereby related behaviors are used in nursing assessment. Health workers are able to collect data necessary for identifying and validating nursing diagnoses (Weber, 2009).Health perception and health management- in this health pattern, there is a need to collect data related to past medical history and practices of maintaining health, and how his personal choices may have increased the r isks of obesity.Nutrition and metabolism- This focuses on adequacy of food nutrients food consumption as well as problems associated with the gastrointestinal system (Weber, 2009).Roles and relationship- Mr. C is living alone and there is a need to focus on his views and social relations and how they affect living. This includes satisfaction with roles as well role in the world.Sleep and rest- This assessment takes into account sleep and relaxation practices, and since Mr. C has sleep apnea there is a need to focus on the history of the condition.Elimination- this is related to excretory patterns and obesity may interfere with the excretory system more than peptic ulcersActivity- exercise- This health pattern assesses role of activities and required energy expenditure. Major body systems are affected by activities including cardiovascular, respiratory and mucoskeletal systems. Mr. C cannot participate in rigorous activities because of his weight problems, while working at a catalog telephone center means that he may continue to live a sedentary lifestyle.Cognitive-behavioral- This concept describes and explains interplay of cognitive, perpetual and sensory patterns (Weber, 2009). Mr. C should be sensitized to use available information.Self perception-self concept- This assesses a persons attitudes and perceptions about image and their self-worth. There is risk that social isolation might lead to anxiety and low self-worth.Sexuality- reproduction- This assesses sexuality patterns and reproductive functions, and there is no concern that Mr. C is dissatisfied with sexual patterns.Coping with stress tolerance- This assesses coping strategies and perceptions about stress, Mr. C lives alone and support systems may be lacking.b. Actual or potential problemsStroke- people who are overweight and obese are at a risk of stroke since plaque buildups in the arteries and, the plaque can also cause ruptures and fatal clots as the BMI increases so does the risk of stroke (NIH , 2012).Insomnia- there is potential difficulty in sleeping patt...

The Reformation Movement Within Europe - 954 Words

In the year 1517, a monk by the name of Martin Luther revolutionized the entire religious world by starting the Reformation movement within Europe by just posting his 95 Theses to the Castle Church doors in Wittenberg, Germany. The spread of the Reformation ideals took time until it eventually made its way to England in the early 17th century. England, throughout the years, was constantly changing politically and religiously, with some monarchs leaning towards Protestantism with an iron fist and other rulers directing the country to an extremist Catholic empire. Even when the â€Å"Elizabethan Settlement†, which was treaty that ended the religious wars between the Protestants and Catholics within England, was made there were still outcries within England for greater reforms. The Puritans and the Separationists were those who called for a â€Å"pure† church within England. The Queen and even the Church of England would not put up with such communities and forced religious conformity, thus ending a brief period of religious peace within the country. The Puritans and Separationists had no other choice but to flee to the New World. The Separationists called for a separation between church and state. They lived and breathed each and every single word the Bible and believed that the bible didn’t in fact teach religion as a hierarchy. On http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/history/trail.htm it also states, â€Å"They preferred a simple worship liturgy which emphasized a Holy God. They felt that theShow MoreRelatedThe Reformation And How It Shaped Our Western World1226 Words   |  5 Pageson October 31st celebrates the 500th anniversary of the Reformation. It started in Germany but then spread all across Europe. The Reformation was needed to help modernize Christianity but it also created divides in the Protestant Movement. What is interesting is that there were other movements within the Catholic Church that predated 1517, so what made Martin Luther so special. This paper will go in depth on the accounts of the reformation and how it shaped our western world. Some theorists justRead MoreEssay on The Effects of the Reformation on European Life1080 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of the Reformation on European Life European society was divided from the word go, people all around Europe were dominantly Catholic before the reformation. This time was bringing change throughout Europe with a heavy influence on art and culture because the Renaissance was occurring; a religious revolution was also beginning, which was known as the Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was the voicing of disagreements by a German Catholic priestRead MoreCounter Reformation And The Counter Reformation849 Words   |  4 PagesElectronic Encyclopedia published an article about Catholic Reformation, and it wrote that â€Å"Counter Reformation, 16th-century reformation that arose largely in answer to the Protestant Reformation; sometimes called the Catholic Reformation. Although the Roman Catholic reformers shared the Protestants revulsion at the corrupt conditions in the church, there was present none of the tradition breaking that characterized Protestantism. The Counter Reformation was led by conservative forces whose aim was bothRead MoreWitch Hunts of the Early Modern Period as the Result of Religious and Social Upheaval1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe Early Modern Period was a time of great change in and around Europe. The people of the age were faced with upheaval of all forms; religious, social, political and even economical. Religious upheaval stemmed from changes in religious views and practises. The Reformation was a hugely significant event that took place in the years spanning 1520-1650. It was a religious, and political, movement in Europe that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church, butRead MoreThe Catholic Reformation And The Jewish Torah1229 Words   |  5 PagesCatholic Reformation. However, whether this reformation can be simply called the Catholic Reformation is a question that needs to be adressed. The Catholic Reformation, also known as the Counter Reformation, was the period of Catholic revival that began with the Council of Trent and ended at the close of the Thirty Years War. The Counter Reformation was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. I believe that the Catholic Reformation would be better described as the Counter Reformation becauseRead MoreHow important was Martin Luther in influencing the course of the Reformation?1326 Words   |  6 PagesHow important was Martin Luther in influencing the course of the Reformation? Martin Luther played a vital role in the start of the Reformation, his actions from 1517 allowed people to start forming their own opinions on religion and the church. Between 1517 and 1522 Martin Luther wa pivotal in the course of the Reformation. On the 31st October 1517 Martin Luther nailed the 95 Theses on a door of All Saint’s Church in Wittenburg, provoked by indulgences sold by John Tetzel in villages around Germany;Read More Reformation in continental Europe and England and its consequences1616 Words   |  7 Pages Reformation is the religious revolution that took place in Western Europe in the 16th century. It arose from objections to doctrines and practices in the medieval church, loss of papal authority and credibility as well as other societal, political and economical issues of the time. This revolution had a major impact on Europe and it gave way to short term and long-term consequences, which still can be seen today. There were many causes of Reformation, some go as far back as the fourteenth centuryRead MoreReformation in Continental Europe and England and Its Consequences1611 Words   |  7 PagesReformation is the religious revolution that took place in Western Europe in the 16th century. It arose from objections to doctrines and practices in the medieval church, loss of papal authority and credibility as well as other societal, political and economical issues of the time. This revolution had a major impact on Europe and it gave way to short term and long-term consequences, which still can be seen today. There were many causes of Reformation, some go as far back as the fourteenth centuryRead MoreThe Transformational Century And Historical Sources And Tools Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagespaintings/sculptures that are still viewed thousands of times a year. 3. Please discuss the features of the Renaissance and its connection with the Age of Science! The Renaissance is considered to be a time of reawakening after the Black Death swept through Europe. It was a time of outward thinking and a thirst for knowledge that led to many discoveries that are still used today. During the 15th and 16th centuries, most of the work was focused on the restoration of ancient knowledge (Pappas Pappas, n.d.)Read MoreCauses Of The Protestant Reformation1635 Words   |  7 PagesThe Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious movement that took place in the Western church. Having far-reaching political, economic, and social effect, the Reformation became the basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of Christianity. Without the changes caused by the Renaissance during the fifteenth century, the Reformation would not have been possible (Haigh). Reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII challenged the Catholic church

Reward and Punishment ; a Motivator in Childs Learning

Reward and Punishment: A Motivator in Childs Learning Experimental Psychology Psy 6 Psychology Department Prof. Ryan Tojerros Tricia Mauriz E. Manaman 3F3- BS Psychology I. INTRODUCTION Operant conditioning is one of the many ways of learning, which is constructed by the means of giving rewards and punishment in an individual. The type of conditioning that going to be used in this experiment holds a specific behavior and consequences, consequences could be either a reward or a punishment that could have an effect in learning. Reward and punishment are modulators of an individual’s performance. According to B.F Skinner, internal thoughts could help bring about learning, he thought that external factors could affect†¦show more content†¦This later instruction will not be given to the first group, which is the experimental group to see the difference of their performance when not having any consequences at all. The experimenter chose 22 elementary participants with the combination of different gender. The experimenter chose to have different gender for the participants so that there will be no biases among the gender of the children involved. The expe rimenter divided the participants into two groups to be the experimental and the control group. The form of language that was used in this experiment is Filipino so that the participants would clearly understand the story. The tools that were used in this experiment are the form of instruction that will be used is an oral type, this is chosen by the experimenter because oral form of instruction is the easiest way to make communication with the children without any extraneous variables except noise. The experimenter chose this type of instruction instead of a movie because the movie type or visual type of instruction might catch the attention of the participants and might affect the results of the experiment. Another tool that was used in this experiment is the story that will be narrated to the students, â€Å"Bakit nangangagat ang putakti†. Lastly is the questionnaire that was distributed to the participants, theShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Motivation On Children s Life137 3 Words   |  6 PagesThe early childhood years are the most important period or phase in every child’s life. Positive experiences guide and shape the children’s future and the first few years are considered very important. It helps the brain to develop in a healthy way. Children are born with an innate curiosity to explore the world around them to acquire knowledge. They possess an interest in learning. Hence fostering the innate curiosity is critical during this stage that ensures their future success. Motivation isRead MoreHow Can Teachers Use Rewards And Praise?1362 Words   |  6 Pagesfor learning. For the most part classrooms are orderly and well behaved. Teachers recognize the importance of classroom management and a positive relationship with all students to ensure their learning. Although this is easier said than done, one of the most difficult challenges as a teacher is managing student’s behaviors. If one or a number of students demonstrate n egative behavior it can cause an environment of chaos and disrupt learning for all students. How can teachers use rewards andRead MoreHow Can Teachers Use Rewards And Praise?1435 Words   |  6 Pagesfor learning. For the most part classrooms are orderly and well behaved. Teachers recognize the importance of classroom management and a positive relationship with all students to ensure their learning. Although this is easier said than done, one of the most difficult challenges as a teacher is managing student’s behaviors. If one or a number of students demonstrate negative behavior, it can cause an environment of chaos and disrupt learning for all students. How can teachers use rewards andRead MoreThe Theory Of Reinforcement And Punishment1847 Words   |  8 PagesThe author describes the theory of FB Skinner of Reinforcement and Punishment†, and the popular â€Å"Pop† culture of â€Å"If you do this, you will get that† as tools that can be used to m anage behavior. He explains that the theories of Skinner lead to manipulation of behavior. He claims that punishment is wrong and should not be used, however, reinforcement, reward or praise are controlling, â€Å"rewards control through seduction rather than force.† Managers and educationalists have taken advantage with theseRead More5 Sources of Power1164 Words   |  5 Pagesmanagerial power; coercive, reward, legitimate, expert, and referent power. These five bases of power are divided in two categories, formal and personal power. Coercive and reward are in the formal categories. Legitimate, expert, and referent to are in the personal category. Later I will explain why each power falls into one group or the other. Coercive, most of the time, the negative of the powers is defined as the ability of a manager to punish others. Punishment can range from verbal to reprimandsRead MoreThe Role Of Behaviorism And Cognitive Development Centres On The Premise That People Learn1107 Words   |  5 PagesBehaviourism and Cognitive Constructivism are two prominent theories exploring the ways in which people learn. However, they both take rather different approaches to explain how learning occurs. The leading thinkers in Behaviourism are John Watson and B.F. Skinner and here, their considerations will be compared to and contrasted with, those of Jean Piaget, the pioneer of Cognitive Constructivism. Behaviourism is based on the creation of associations between stimuli and responses by the learnerRead MoreThe Behavioral Policy Of A High School s Learning Strategy Essay1971 Words   |  8 Pagesundertaken as a part of Credence High School’s learning strategy. Our learning strategy revolves around the notion of ‘Tell me I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn†. This policy is a two way process, involving the students as much as involving the teachers. The focus remains on positive behaviour as learning is most optimum when the behaviour is positive and we aim to tackle inappropriate behaviour through a comprehensive learning process. AIM OF THE BEHAVIOURAL POLICY †¢ To provideRead More Motivating Students Essay2214 Words   |  9 Pagesactivate your senses. Motivation to learn is defined as, â€Å"The meaningfulness, value, and benefits of academic tasks to the learner.† (Lumsden, 1994). Students use motivation in the classroom to stimulate their learning capabilities. â€Å" Some students seem naturally enthusiastic about learning, but many need-or expect-their instructors to inspire, challenge, and stimulate them.† (Gross Davis 1993). To properly motivate one must understand a student’s behaviors. Behaviors that include the logical andRead More My Educational Philosophy Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesSocrates warned his students over 2000 years ago that the unexamined life is not worth living. (Kreis) This statement, though made so many years ago, mirrors my own beliefs about learning and knowledge acquisition in today’s society. In my own personal philosophy of education, I believe that individuals must continually examine their surroundings and learn from the things they find. I do not believe that just knowing random facts or bits of information is true education. Just as the ancient GreeksRead MoreHow People Learn39 58 Words   |  16 PagesINTRODUCTION HOW PEOPLE LEARN Learning can be defined formally as the act, process, or experience of gaining knowledge or skills. Burns ‘conceives of learning as a relatively permanent change in behaviour, with behaviour including both observable activity and internal processes such as thinking, attitudes and emotions. Burns (1995) considers that learning might not manifest itself in observable behaviour until some time after the educational program has taken place. Learning helps us move from novices

A Time To Step Down Essay Example For Students

A Time To Step Down Essay A Time to Step DownWhen the President of the United States is sworn into office on his inaugural day in January, he is sworn to faithfully execute the supreme laws of the land, our constitution. We elect a new President every four years to run our nation, represent the country, and uphold the constitution of the United States. The President of the United States is the most powerful man in the world and therefore we place trust in him. When the people find out that their elected President lies to them, a bond is broken. That bond is impossible to replace and therefore the president must be impeached or resign. In 1974 the Nation witnessed its first president to resign from office. Due to the mounting evidence of President Nixon role in the 1973 Watergate scandal, (burglars broke in to the National Democratic Headquarters.) Richard Nixon resigned from office, his resignation August 8th due to proof on the following charges including obstruction of justice, abuse of presidential power, and the refusal to obey house subpoenas. Did Richard Nixon resign because he knew that he lost the faith of the Republican Party and most important of all, American people? The American people felt that they were lied to, because of the President denying all charges brought against him. Nixon did the right thing by stepping down and letting the country move on. Richard Nixon saved himself the embarrassment of impeachment hearings and the country more humiliation. Today, once again, a new scandal has broken out in the White House and that is the Monica Lewinsky affair. The story broke out on January 7th and the public was shocked. Many people did not know what to believe because of the nature of the incident. The incident was to be blown into something that was to embarrass a nation for years to come undoubtedly. President Clinton denied having an affair with Ms. Lewinsky for seven months. When asked once if he had an affair, Clinton responded I did not have sexual relations with that woman. He fooled everyone, he lied to the world, lied to his own country. President Clinton lied to our faces. Clinton did not just lie to our faces but also lied under oath about his relations with Ms. Lewinsky. In my opinion he is not to be trusted anymore and he needs to resign immediately. Alone with the lying under oath offense, Clinton also faces other charges including some of those similar to that of the Watergate scandal including obstruction of justice, tampering with witnesses, and abuse of power. This is the man who also took oath an on the Bible to execute these laws with the help of God and all he has done is embarrass the nation and himself. The President has lost his integrity by doing something so stupid that causes everyone to wonder if he has lied about something so petty, what else has he lied about? Why should we go on and trust Bill Clinton? What reason due we have to keep that man in office if he has lied to our faces? The President needs to step down and let the country move on to 21st century with a clear moral conscious that we have seemed to have lost in this incident. If he does not step down, we need to impeach the president to convey a message: in the United States you will be punished for your crimes no matter who you are. The bottom line is that if you commit a crime in any sort you must face the consequences.

Migration Pull Factors

Introduction Migration can be described as a systematic movement of people, organisms, animals and other things from one place to the other. This means that migration can be looked at from various aspects and frontiers (Balin 2008, p. 14).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Migration Pull Factors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Migration pull factors are factors that have ended up encouraging people to move from one place to the other. This is because people migrate or move as a result of these factors. These factors can be looked at from a political, economic, cultural and environmental point of view (Pomfret 1979, p. 13). Discussion International migration has always depended on international income inequalities as time goes by (Pomfret 1979, p. 33). As much as migration has been facilitated by different pull and push factors, it has also been aided by a reduction in communication and transport costs. Therefore, large scale migrations have been driven by economic factors. By doing this, migrants believe that they are moving to better income places than their previous country of origin. This means that most migration activities have been characterized by labor movements. As much as this has been seen in different countries, lack of information has been identified as a problem that needs to be dealt with for effective economic migration (Pomfret 1979, p. 31). Migration barriers have been erected by different countries because the contribution of these workers to the country’s budget is minimal. This factor can be looked at after the assessment of international labor movements has been done. As a matter of fact, many countries have had problems in determining wages that are supposed to be paid to different migrants. This is because people have been moving from high income countries to low income countries to enhance their livelihoods (Ratha 2009, p. 17). Such an aspect can be explained by looking at remittances that have been recorded in recent years.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, India has been the top recipient of remittances from abroad as shown in the graph below. The country has achieved this because of increased migration to the Gulf and other emerging destinations. Source: Ratha, D 2009. In most cases, people migrate to look for better job opportunities and good living conditions. This is because there might be better paying jobs ion those countries. In the long run, they will be able to improve their economic conditions as time goes by. People have also migrated because of various political reasons. In this case, people will tend to run away from their country because it is politically unstable or inhabitable (Legrain 2007, p. 14). By doing this they normally strive to get political and religious freedom that they have been denied in their home countries. As a matter of fact, migrants will escape from war torn countries to go to other peaceful developed countries. It should be known that most of these refugees are asylum seekers who are going to developing countries for their own safety (Ratha et al 2009, p. 19). There has been a stable political environment as the number of asylum seekers has reduced from 13 million to 9 million in 2005 (UNHCR 2009, p. 12). Africa has been prone to political conflicts and therefore recorded a large number of political migrants.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Migration Pull Factors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is estimated that more than 43.3 million people were forcefully evicted in the previous year (UNHCR 2009, p. 19). Most of these evictions were as a result of political instability and conflicts. Other people migrate to enjoy life in other places. This is because they always want to be exposed to new environments. Education has also been a pull factor for migration. In this case, people migrate to other countries to further their education. As a matter of fact, other people migrate to get better medical care in those countries. In this case, the said county might be having better medical institutions. Insecurity has also forced people to migrate to other countries. In this case, people will migrate to safe countries. Other people have been encouraged to migrate because of good family links. This means that they have relatives in those countries and it will be easy for them to settle there. Industries have also forced people to migrate in one way or the other. In extreme cases, people might be forced to migrate because of the urge to increase their chances of finding better courtship. Cultural factors have also contributed to migration activities. In this case, there is a social change, assimilation and the definition of ones cultural identity (Balin 2008, p. 9). As a mat ter of fact, an individual can like a give place and move there as a result of culture. It should be known that all of us might like a given culture once in our lifetimes. Cultural migration is enhanced by community, ethic and family ties that individuals have. Environmental aspects that relate to migration can be explained from seasonal migration. In this case, people migrate because of seasonal weather patterns. For instance, there is the migration of Mexican farmers to the United States for harvests (Legrain 2007, p. 14). In extreme cases, harsh environments can force people to migrate to other safe places that will enhance their livelihoods. Conclusion Migration pull factors are factors that have ended up encouraging people to move from one place to the other. This is because people migrate or move from place to place as a result of these factors. Therefore, large scale migrations have been driven by economic factors. By doing this, migrants believe that they are moving to bette r income places than their previous country of origin.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Balin, B., 2008. State Immigration Legislation and Immigrant Flows: An Analysis. USA: Johns Hopkins University. Legrain, P., 2007. Immigrants: Your Country Needs Them. New York: Little Brown. Pomfret, R., 1979. Population and migration. New York: Prentice hall. Ratha, D., 2009. India is the top recipient of remittances. Web. Ratha, D. Mohapatra, S. Silwal. A., 2009. Outlook for Remittance Flows 2009-2011: Remittances expected to fall by 7-10 percent in 2009. New York: World Bank. UNHCR., 2009. UNHCR chief says 2009 â€Å"worst† year for voluntary repatriation in two decades. Web. This report on Migration Pull Factors was written and submitted by user Iman1 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The global group of energy and petrochemical companies is a multinational company with worldwide recognition The WritePass Journal

The global group of energy and petrochemical companies is a multinational company with worldwide recognition Introduction The global group of energy and petrochemical companies is a multinational company with worldwide recognition IntroductionBACKGROUND OF SHELLLITERATURE REVIEWCorporate Strategy of shellDeliberate or EmergentBusiness StrategyCRITICAL ANALYSIS  Internal Analysis Inbound LogisticsOutbound LogisticsOperationsMarketing and SalesServicesExternal Analysis: EconomicalSocialTechnologicalPorters 5 forcesPower of SuppliersPower of BuyersThreat of SubstitutesThreat of a New EntrantFinancial ReviewsExisting StrategyFUTURE SPECULATION:-REFRENCES:-Related Introduction BACKGROUND OF SHELL Shell, a global group of energy and petrochemical companies is a multinational company with worldwide recognition. Shell is best known for its service stations and for exploring and producing oil and gas on land and at sea. In truth Shell deliver a vast range of energy solutions and petrochemicals to customers, produce and sell petrochemical building blocks to industrial customers on a global scale, invest in making renewable and lower-carbon energy sources, competitive for large scale use. LITERATURE REVIEW Corporate Strategy of shell By being more upstream Shell aims to focus its investments on long term, high return projects to develop oil and gas resources, and grow the companies leading liquefied natural gas business. Downstream profits involves; generating more cash by reshaping integrated oil products and petrochemicals portfolio to enhance operations and focus on growth markets, particularly in Asia. Shell believes that this strategy will improve their business performance and increase their contribution to sustainable development. â€Å"Stronger emphasis on our upstream activities and fast growing markets will help us deliver the energy the world needs for economic growth and poverty reduction†. Shell aims to increase focus on producing cleaner burning natural gas, in so doing reducing dependency on coal. Shell is aware that the growing demand for oil and gas presents sustainable development challenges. Producing and using this extra energy is only sustainable, and socially acceptable, if ways are found to combat the risks to the climate and avoid health, safety and environmental incidents. â€Å"We recognize that we will not achieve our strategy and improve business performance for our shareholders unless we respond effectively to these key environmental and social concerns†. Deliberate or Emergent â€Å"Deliberateness refers to the quality of acting intentionally. When people act deliberately they ‘think’ before they ‘do’. They make a plan and then implement the plan. A plan is an intended course of action, stipulating which measures an organization proposes to take†. (De-Witt Meyer, 2004) Shells’ planning does not take the form of complex and inflexible ten-year plans generated by a team of corporate strategists. Rather, the planning process generates a series of â€Å"what if† scenarios. â€Å"Scenario planning is the process in which managers invent and then consider, in depth, several varied scenarios of equally plausible futures with the objective to bring forward surprises and unexpected leaps of understanding†. The implementation of the planning process allows Shell to make strategic no matter what the future. For a company like Shell it is necessary to have a deliberate strategy as well as emergent. Plans need to be outlined and addressed in order to set company objectives. Large oil spills or uncontrollable air emissions are never planned, for this reason it is important Shell pays attention to being emergent as then it can encounter any problems that may arise. Below is a model showing the distinction between deliberate and emergent strategy. Business Strategy Business strategy is concerned with â€Å"how firms should go about creating a sustainable competitive advantage in each business in which they operate† (De-Witt Meyer, 2004) CRITICAL ANALYSIS   Internal Analysis From literature review:- Michael Porter identified the ‘value chain’ as a means of analyzing organizations strategically relevant activities in order to understand the behavior of costs. Competitive advantage results from carrying out those activities in a more cost-effective way than its competitors. The value chain tool is a great technique to employ in order to single out the firm’s specific competitive strengths and weaknesses. Porter identified primary and support activities as shown in the following diagram: IMAGE SOURCE:   mbaknol.com As it can be seen above Porter has distinguished between the primary and support activities. For the purpose of this report focus will be given to the primary activities whose direct concern is with the creation and delivery of a product or service. Inbound Logistics â€Å"Activities associated with receiving, storing and disseminating inputs to the product, such as material handling, warehousing, and inventory† Due to the size of Shell, and to ensure the smooth running of the many processes involved in a company of its size, there are strict rules to follow. The 1st step of the inbound logistics is receiving. At Shell the initial step would be to find the oil. This is of huge importance and the company invests a lot of money to use statistical analysis to determine the location of oil. Once locating the oil it is essential for Shell to draw up exploration contracts with the countries within whose boundaries the oil was first established. Once the contracts have been approved and negotiations agreed the company can then start its drilling process. Shell’s subsidiary company â€Å"Shell Shipping† is used to ship oil to relevant locations. After the distribution of the oil to its desired location the next process is for it to be stored. Outbound Logistics â€Å"Activities associated with collecting, storing and physically distributing the product to buyers, such as finished goods warehousing, material handling and scheduling† Having recognized how the company extracts and then stores the oil the next process is to successfully distribute that to customers. Having processed the oil in its refineries, the oil is driven out to relevant service stations throughout the country by freight management. Once it arrives at the service station the oil is distributed to different pumps and then is ready for use by its consumers. Operations During this stage of the value chain process, goods are manufactured or assembled. Due to the large number of processes involved in extracting and processing oil, we can establish how large the operation base is at Shell. Shell places a great emphasis on conducting operations in the right and accurate manner. It will be detailed in the operations as to how much fuel needs to be distributed to relevant service stations as well as stating what type of fuel is needed. This is sensitive data and incorrect judgments could result in huge revenue being lost. Marketing and Sales This area focuses strongly upon marketing communications and generating sales. Industry sectors like the oil industry have to try and differentiate their products from those of their competitors. Customers view their end product, petrol, just like that of any other commodity. Shell recognizes the need to build brand loyalty and to establish a returning customer base.   The best way to do this is through advertisement. This report will move on to discuss how Shell has used advertising to its advantage. Services For Shell, after sale service is a difficult benefit to offer. However, as petrol is a consumable commodity it is not something that can be returned or exchanged. Once the petrol has been purchased by consumers it is not within the companies interests to accept an exchange. Shell believes it is necessary to maintain a good name and reputation. The customer satisfaction programme focuses on customer and consumer ratings at BP in comparison to relevant competition. Evaluations are based on actual experience with BP and its competitors. Measures attained in this way tend to be more operational in nature focusing on market execution. External Analysis: From Literature review:- A PEST (Political, Economical, Social and Technological) analysis is used to analyse the external environment. Below a Pest analysis has been conducted; Political: factors that need to concern shell are as follows: Government Taxation Shell having interest in Unsteady Countries Government taxation is a concern for the oil industry because it is already heavily taxed and more taxes could start a process whereby people would start moving away from petrol to find cheaper more sustainable products. Shell have interests in countries where there is no political stability or where there are chances of dangerous wars breaking out. Such as Iraq and Nigeria this is very damaging especially when a company like Shell has invested millions of Pounds on exploration and drilling. Economical The cost of petrol continues to increase causing consumers to wrongly blame the oil companies.   The price of oil is managed by OPEC, an international price fixing body. The OPEC MCs coordinate their oil production policies in order to help stabilise the oil market and to help oil producers achieve a reasonable rate of return on their investments. This policy is also designed to ensure that oil consumers continue to receive stable supplies of oil. Social Consumers are more ethically inclined and the ethical marketplace, in Britain alone, is currently worth 14 billion pounds.   While petrol may not be seen as an ethical purchase, petrol companies can, as well as advertising their product, inform the consumer of the Company’s commitment to the environment. That is advertising the fact that they deal in sustainable energy products. Technological The oil industry is becoming aware of the need to produce efficient and environmentally conscious fuels. We cant use fossil fuels forever as they are a non-renewable and finite resource. Research suggests that we should start using hydrogen. Hydrogen is a colourless, odourless gas that accounts for 75 percent of the entire universes mass. Porters 5 forces There are five stages to the Porters model. These are shown below. Competitive Rivalry One enduring characteristic of the oil industry has been change. Competitive rivalry in the oil industry is very high due to there being very little difference between the products of all the suppliers. BP has learned to be responsive to change and indeed to be at the forefront of the change process. It is not commonly known that oil is refined at shared premises, so in reality all petrol is the same, regardless of the company label given to it and as such competitive rivalry is high. On 11 October 2007, BP announced their intention to simplify their organizational structure. From 1 January 2008, there are only two business segments exploration and production and refining and marketing. Power of Suppliers There are no direct suppliers of the oil industry, and in the case of Shell there are none whatsoever the company has subsidiary organisations to handle all aspects of what the company does.   Countries could be defined as suppliers, since it is there that the oil comes from, but the effect over the oil companies is limited to the law. Power of Buyers Buyers have no power over the oil industry since oil is a commodity that is always in demand. Threat of Substitutes At present there are no substitutes for petrol. While hybrid vehicles are making their presence known, electric cars are not as powerful as fuel consuming cars and are not in demand by the consumer. Threat of a New Entrant It is difficult for a new company to break in to the oil industry as the cost of entry is pricey. Current competitors in the market are having a hard time finding new oil reserves. Porters five forces model is essential in helping understand the industry in depth before any consideration is given to entering it. Financial Reviews Even though the accounts show profits and financial figures from the year 2001-2005, it can clearly be seen that BP has generated a greater amount of revenue. If the financial information is going to be compared to today’s age then BP still lie ahead. Existing Strategy An organization and its environment need to fit. This is expressed in terms of the classic SWOT analysis tool. The tool suggests that a sound strategy should match a firm’s strengths (S) and weaknesses (W) to the opportunities (O) and threats (T) encountered in the firms environment (De-Witt Meyer, 2005) SWOT Analysis Strengths The UK offshore oil and gas industry provides an important indigenous energy supply. As well as being used for energy purposes, oil and gas have other uses, notably as a source of feed stocks for the petrochemicals industry. Much of the UK industry boosts employment in areas where it would otherwise be very low as a result of the declines of shipbuilding, the UK steel industry and other large industrial sites. Weaknesses Large UK offshore oil and gas reserves are becoming more difficult to find and develop economically. Some UK fields are depleted and companies active in the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS) are now faced with the burden of dismantling and disposing of offshore structures in an environmentally acceptable manner. Variations in oil prices and the unpredictability of international politics mean that the UK offshore oil and gas industry fluctuates in response to these forces. Opportunities Many of the newer discoveries are smaller and more difficult to develop than most of the older fields, thereby presenting a commercial and technological challenge for the innovation of new, economically viable ways of extracting oil and gas. Having now worked in the UKCS for several decades, UK companies, suppliers and consultants have built up extensive expertise that can be utilised overseas. Threats Large international oil and gas companies are placing a greater proportion of their resources in regions outside the UKCS, where development and operational costs are lower than they are in the UK. FUTURE SPECULATION:- Having critically evaluated the strategy of Shell I feel there is a need for them to improve in order to fulfill the desire to become market leader and overtake BP. The company emphasizes through its strategy that it is very environmentally and socially conscious yet its not doing a great deal different from other companies out in the market. I feel now is a good time for shell to invest in something new like hydrogen fuel cells or wind and solar energy.   Hydrogen as a fuel is high in energy, yet a machine that burns pure hydrogen produces almost zero pollution A new investment is expensive but the benefits are huge as it is a new innovation which has been on the cards for sometime. Investing in fuel cells will limit the damage caused to the environment as the technology is environmentally friendly. Millions of pounds, required to clean spillages/leaks, will be saved and a positive public image will be established if not further reinforced. The company has done a lot of research into this technology so it is not something that they have not considered. In the future, hydrogen could also join electricity as an important energy carrier. An energy carrier stores, moves and delivers energy in a usable form to consumers. Shell realizes that hydrogen is a fuel for the future but it needs to be more pro active rather than re active. It should try and introduce this technology into the market REFRENCES:- Bibliography Books .Porter, M.E (1987), From competitive advantage to corporate strategy, Harvard Business Review, pp.43. Hamel, G, Prahalad, C.K (1989), Strategic intent, Harvard Business Review, pp.63-76. RAPHAEL, A. and ZOTT, C. 2001. Value Creation in e-Business. Strategic Management Journal, No 23, pp493-520. Porter, M.E (Response to letters to the editor), Harvard Business Review, pp   COLTMAN, T. R., DEVINNEY T. M. and MIDGLEY, D.F. 2007.   E-Business Strategy and Firm Performance:   A Latent Class Assessment of the Drivers and Impediments to Success. Journal of Information Technology No 22 pp87-101. MOLLER, K. and RAJALA, A. 2007.   Rise of Strategic Nets – New Modes of Value Creation. Industrial Marketing Management No 36 pp895-908. PORTER, M. E. 2001.   Strategy and the Internet. Harvard Business Review, March, pp63-78. SHAFER, S. M., SMITH, H. J. and LINDER, J. C. 2005. The Power of Business Models. Business Horizons No. 48, pp199-207. Websites www.essentialaction.org/shell www.shell.com www.shell.com/static www.juergendaum.com/news www.ukeducation.org.uk (www.alphonso.cipher-sys.com) www.valuebasedmanagement.net www.opec.org energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter20.html www.keynote.co.uk